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Barnaul (Russian: Барнаул; IPA: ) is a city and the administrative center of Altai Krai, Russia, located along the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. At the end of 2014, the city had a population of around 700,000 people.[13] The population of the Barnaul metropolitan area is estimated to be over 1.14 million.[14]
Barnaul is the closest major city to the Altai Mountains to the south. The city is also situated relatively close to the border with the countries of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China.
The area around the city has been inhabited by Modern Humans, Neanderthals & Denisovans, for hundreds of thousands of years.[15] In the late BC millenia, the locality was the centre of activity for Scythians and various Turkic peoples.[16]
Barnaul was founded in 1730.[17] Originally chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, the site was founded by the wealthy Demidov family in the 1730s.[10] In addition to the copper which had originally attracted the Demidovs, substantial deposits of silver were soon found as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown, and soon became the center of silver production in the Russian Empire.[18]
By the 1900s, Barnaul had grown into a major center of trade and culture of the region, especially after the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway.
In 1914, Barnaul was the site of a draft riot, Russia's largest during World War I, which resulted in over a hundred casualties. [19]
Although the city was thousands of miles away from the actual fighting, hundreds of thousands of citizens from Altai Krai fought and died at the front in the course of the Second World War, a fact commemorated by a large memorial in central Barnaul.
It is estimated that over half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Union in World War II was produced in Barnaul.[20]
Barnaul is the administrative center of the krai.[21] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the work settlement of Yuzhny and twenty-four rural localities, incorporated as the city of krai significance of Barnaul—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as Barnaul Urban Okrug.[4]
The continental climate of Barnaul (Köppen Dfb) is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian steppe: it is subject to long winters, with an average of −15.5 °C (4.1 °F) in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average temperature of +19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from below −45 °C (−49 °F) in the winter to above +35 °C (95 °F) in the summer.
The climate is relatively dry. The average precipitation in the area is 433 millimeters (17.0 in) per year, 75% of which occurs during the region's warmer season.
Barnaul is an important industrial center of Western Siberia. There are more than 100 industrial enterprises in the city, employing approximately 120 thousand people. Leading industries in the city work with diesel and carbon processing; as well as production of heavy machinery, tires, furniture and footwear. [24]
Barnaul has air, railway, road and riverboat links to other parts of Russia. The city lies approximately 220 kilometers (140 mi) south of Novosibirsk. It is at a junction of the Novosibirsk–Almaty and Biysk train lines. There are also frequent buses to nearby cities Biysk and Gorno-Altaysk.
Barnaul Airport is located about fifteen minutes from the center of the city and offers daily flights to and from Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as to regional and international destinations.
Barnaul is an important regional center of scientific development. Five universities, including Altai State Technical University, Barnaul State Pedagogical University, Altai State Medical University, Altai State Agrarian University and Altai State University, as well as 35 libraries are located in the city. Barnaul also has five theatres and three museums. The city's Museum of Local Lore was founded in 1823 and is one of the oldest in Siberia, displaying local artists' work as well as unique artifacts from the Altai region.
The city also has 'The South-Siberian Botanical Garden' (SSBG),[25] linked to Altai State University.[26]
Since 1957 FC Dynamo Barnaul has been the city's professional football club.
Barnaul is twinned with:
A cafe on Kalinina Avenue
Barnaul's main street as seen from the new Ob River Bridge.
Demidov's Column on Demidov Square
Barnaul's first 25-storey building
The City Duma of Barnaul
The Altai Dramatic Theater
Russia, Barnaul, Altai Republic, Atheism, Russian language
Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia
Hong Kong, Beijing, Macau, Shanghai, Taiwan
Ukraine, India, China, Turkey, United Kingdom
Madrid, Andalusia, Portugal, European Union, Barcelona
Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Russia, Trans-Siberian Railway, Surgut
Russia, Barnaul, Concrete, Altai Krai, Kemerovo Oblast
Tyumen Oblast, Moscow, Krasnodar Krai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Moscow Oblast
Russia, Altai Krai, Barnaul, City of federal subject significance, Administrative centre