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Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey and in the Homeric Hymns. It is a literary dialect of Archaic Greek consisting mainly of Ionic and Aeolic, with a few forms from Arcadocypriot and non-Greek languages, and a written form influenced by Attic.[1] It later served as the basis of Epic Greek, the language of epic poetry, typically in dactylic hexameter, of poets such as Hesiod. Compositions in Epic Greek may date from as late as the 3rd century AD, though its decline was inevitable with the rise of Koine Greek.
In the following description, only forms that differ from those of later Greek are discussed. Omitted forms can usually be predicted from patterns seen in Ionic Greek.
A note on nouns:
In most circumstances, Homeric Greek did not have available a true definite article.[3]
Homer (the Iliad and the Odyssey) uses about 9,000 words, of which 1,382 are proper names. Of the 7,618 remaining words 2,307 are hapax legomena.[4][5]
The Iliad, lines 1–7
Robert Fitzgerald (1974):
Mycenaean
Ancient
Koine
Medieval
Modern
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Greek alphabet, Greece, Cyprus, Armenia, Christianity
Greek language, Ionic Greek, Alexander the Great, Doric Greek, Attic Greek
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Doric Greek, Ionic Greek, Koine Greek, Aeolic Greek, Attic Greek
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