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Language

More than 700 living languages are spoken in Indonesia.[180] Most belong to the Austronesian language family, with a few Papuan languages also spoken. The official language is Indonesian (locally known as Bahasa Indonesia), a variant of Malay,[181] which was used in the archipelago, — borrowing heavily from local languages of Indonesia such as Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, etc. The Indonesian language is primarily used in commerce, administration, education and the media, but most Indonesians speak other languages, such as Javanese, as their first language.[180]

Culture

Wayang Kulit (shadow puppet) in Wayang Purwa type, depicting five Pandava, from left to right: Bhima, Arjuna, Yudhishtira, Nakula, and Sahadeva, Indonesia Museum, Jakarta.

Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do wayang kulit (shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as batik, ikat, ulos and songket are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The most dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant.

Sports in Indonesia are generally male-orientated and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling.[182] The most popular sports are badminton and football. Indonesian players have won the Thomas Cup (the world team championship of men's badminton) thirteen of the twenty-six times that it has been held since 1949, as well as numerous Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992. Its women have won the Uber Cup, the female equivalent of the Thomas Cup, twice, in 1994 and 1996. Liga Indonesia is the country's premier football club league. Traditional sports include sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as caci in Flores and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art.

A selection of Indonesian food, including ikan bakar (roasted fish), ayam goreng (fried chicken), nasi timbel (rice wrapped in banana leaf), sambal, fried tempeh and tofu, and sayur asem.

Indonesian cuisine varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents.[183] Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients.[184] Indonesian traditional music includes gamelan and keroncong. The Indonesian film industry's popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia,[185] although it declined significantly in the early 1990s.[186] Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased.[185]

The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli, who criticized treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans Muhammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians;[187] and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist.[188][189] Many of Indonesia's peoples have strongly rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities.[190]

Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suharto's rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media.[191] The TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI. Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 25 million users in 2008,[192] Internet usage was estimated at 12.5% in September 2009.[193] More than 30 million cell phones are sold in Indonesia each year, and 27% of them are local brands.[194]

See also

Notes

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  2. ^ Vickers, p. 117
  3. ^ "Population". www.bi.go.id (in Indonesian).  
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Indonesia". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2 November 2014. 
  5. ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011. 
  6. ^ "Human Development Reports 2014". United Nations. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 
  7. ^ "The Naming Procedures of Indonesia’s Islands", Tenth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, New York, 31 July – 9 August 2012, United Nations Economic and Social Council
  8. ^ "Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them".  ; correction.
  9. ^ Guerin, G (23 May 2006). "Don't count on a Suharto accounting". Asia Times Online (Hong Kong). 
  10. ^ a b Tomascik, T; Mah, JA; Nontji, A; Moosa, MK (1996). The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas – Part One. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions.  
  11. ^ a b Anshory, Irfan (16 August 2004). "Asal Usul Nama Indonesia" (in Bahasa Indonesia). Pikiran Rakyat. Archived from the original on 15 December 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2006. 
  12. ^ Earl, George SW (1850). "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): 119. 
  13. ^ Logan, James Richardson (1850). "The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): 4:252–347. 
  14. ^ Earl, George SW (1850). "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): 254, 277–8. 
  15. ^ a b Justus M van der Kroef (1951). "The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage". Journal of the American Oriental Society 71 (3): 166–71.  
  16. ^ Brown, Colin (2003). A short history of Indonesia: the unlikely nation?. Allen & Unwin. p. 13.  
  17. ^ Choi, Kildo; Driwantoro, Dubel (2007). "Shell tool use by early members of Homo erectus in Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia: cut mark evidence". Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 48.  
  18. ^ Finding showing human ancestor older than previously thought offers new insights into evolution. Terradaily.com. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  19. ^ Pope, GG (1988). "Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology". Annual Review of Anthropology 17: 43–77.  
  20. ^ "The Great Human Migration". Smithsonian. July 2008. p. 2. 
  21. ^ Evidence of 42,000 year old deep sea fishing revealed | Archaeology News from Past Horizons. Pasthorizonspr.com. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  22. ^ a b Taylor, pp. 5–7
  23. ^ Taylor, pp. 8–9
  24. ^ Taylor, pp. 15–18
  25. ^ Taylor, pp. 3, 9–11, 13–5, 18–20, 22–3
  26. ^ Vickers, pp. 18–20, 60, 133–4
  27. ^ Guide to the Temples of Java (Indonesia) by Approach Guides,David Raezer,Jennifer Raezer
  28. ^ Taylor, pp. 22–26
  29. ^ Ricklefs, p. 3
  30. ^ Peter Lewis (1982). "The next great empire". Futures 14 (1): 47–61.  
  31. ^ Ricklefs, pp. 3–14
  32. ^ Ricklefs (1991), pp. 12–14
  33. ^ Ricklefs (1991), pp. 22–24
  34. ^ Ricklefs, p. 24
  35. ^ Dutch troops were constantly engaged in quelling rebellions both on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as  
  36. ^ a b Ricklefs
  37. ^ Gert Oostindie and Bert Paasman (1998). "Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves". Eighteenth-Century Studies 31 (3): 349–55.  
  38. ^ "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45". Library of Congress. 1992. 
  39. ^ Cited in: Dower, John W. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (1986; Pantheon; ISBN 0-394-75172-8)
  40. ^  
  41. ^ a b Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). "Independence the Issue". Far Eastern Survey 14 (24): 345–8.  
  42. ^ Taylor, p. 325
  43. ^ "Indonesian War of Independence". Military. Global Security. Retrieved 11 December 2006. 
  44. ^ Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice". National Security Archive, Suite 701, Gelman Library, The George Washington University.
  45. ^ Irian Jaya Under the Gun, Jim Elmslie, University of Hawaii Press, 2002, pg. 12
  46. ^ Ricklefs, pp. 237–280
  47. ^ Friend, pp. 107–109
  48. ^ Chris Hilton (writer and director) (2001). Shadowplay (Television documentary). Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions. 
  49. ^ Ricklefs, pp. 280–283, 284, 287–290
  50. ^ John Roosa and Joseph Nevins (5 November 2005). "40 Years Later: The Mass Killings in Indonesia".  
  51. ^ Robert Cribb (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey 42 (4): 550–563.  
  52. ^ John D. Legge (1968). "General Suharto's New Order". Royal Institute of International Affairs 44 (1): 40–47.  
  53. ^ US National Archives, RG 59 Records of Department of State; cable no. 868, ref: Embtel 852, 5 October 1965.
  54. ^ Vickers, p. 163
  55. ^ David Slater, Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations, London: Blackwell, p. 70
  56. ^ Vickers
  57. ^ Schwarz
  58. ^ Delhaise, Philippe F (1998). Asia in Crisis: The Implosion of the Banking and Finance Systems. Willey. p. 123.  
  59. ^ "President Suharto resigns". BBC. 21 May 1998. Retrieved 12 November 2006. 
  60. ^ Burr, W.; Evans, M.L. (6 December 2001). "Ford and Kissinger Gave Green Light to Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor, 1975: New Documents Detail Conversations with Suharto". National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 62.  
  61. ^ Robert W. Hefner (2000). "Religious Ironies in East Timor". Religion in the News 3 (1). Retrieved 12 December 2006. 
  62. ^ "Aceh rebels sign peace agreement". BBC. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 12 December 2006. 
  63. ^ In 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001
  64. ^ a b Susi Dwi Harijanti and Tim Lindsey (2006). "Indonesia: General elections test the amended Constitution and the new Constitutional Court". International Journal of Constitutional Law 4 (1): 138–150.  
  65. ^ "The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report" (PDF) (Press release).  
  66. ^ (2002), The fourth Amendment of 1945 Indonesia Constitution, Chapter III – The Executive Power, Art. 7.
  67. ^  
  68. ^ a b c d "Background Note: Indonesia". U.S. Library of Congress. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 
  69. ^ Reforms include total control of statutes production without executive branch interventions; all members are now elected (reserved seats for military representatives have now been removed); and the introduction of fundamental rights exclusive to the DPR. (see Harijanti and Lindsey 2006)
  70. ^ Based on the 2001 constitution amendment, the DPD comprises four popularly elected  
  71. ^ a b "Country Profile: Indonesia" (PDF).  
  72. ^ Wong, Kristina (23 July 2009). "abc NEWS Poll: Obama's Popularity Lifts U.S. Global Image". USA: ABC. Retrieved 23 October 2011. 
  73. ^ "Indonesia – Foreign Policy". U.S. Library of Congress. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 5 May 2007. 
  74. ^ Indonesia temporarily withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965 in response to the fact that Malaysia was elected as a non-permanent member of the Security Council. It announced its intention to "resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities" on 19 September 1966, and was invited to re-join the UN on 28 September 1966.
  75. ^ Chris Wilson (11 October 2001). "Indonesia and Transnational Terrorism". Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Group. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 15 October 2006. ; Reyko Huang (23 May 2002). "Priority Dilemmas: U.S. – Indonesia Military Relations in the Anti Terror War". Terrorism Project. Center for Defense Information. 
  76. ^ "Commemoration of 3rd anniversary of bombings". Melbourne: The Age Newspaper. AAP. 10 December 2006. 
  77. ^ "Travel Warning: Indonesia" (Press release). US Embassy, Jakarta. 10 May 2005. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2006. 
  78. ^ Chew, Amy (7 July 2002). "Indonesia military regains ground". CNN Asia. Retrieved 24 April 2007. 
  79. ^ Witular, Rendi A. (19 May 2005). "Susilo Approves Additional Military Funding". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 24 April 2007. 
  80. ^ Friend, pp. 473–475, 484
  81. ^ Friend, pp. 270–273, 477–480
  82. ^ "Indonesia flashpoints: Aceh". BBC News (BBC). 29 December 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2007. 
  83. ^ "Indonesia agrees Aceh peace deal". BBC News (BBC). 17 July 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2007. ; Harvey, Rachel (18 September 2005). "Indonesia starts Aceh withdrawal". BBC News (BBC). Retrieved 20 May 2007. 
  84. ^ Lateline TV Current Affairs (20 April 2006). "Sidney Jones on South East Asian conflicts". TV Program transcript, Interview with South East Asia director of the International Crisis Group (Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC)). Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. ; International Crisis Group (5 September 2006). "Papua: Answer to Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Update Briefing (International Crisis Group) (53): 1. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2006. 
  85. ^ Michelle Ann Miller (2004). "The Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam law: a serious response to Acehnese separatism?". Asian Ethnicity 5 (3): 333–351.  
  86. ^ The positions of governor and its vice governor are prioritized for descendants of the Sultan of Yogyakarta and Paku Alam, respectively, much like a sultanate. (Elucidation on the Indonesia Law No. 22/1999 Regarding Regional Governance. People's Representative Council (1999). Chapter XIV Other Provisions, Art. 122; Indonesia Law No. 5/1974 Concerning Basic Principles on Administration in the Region PDF (146 KB) (translated version). The President of Republic of Indonesia (1974). Chapter VII Transitional Provisions, Art. 91)
  87. ^ Part of the autonomy package was the introduction of the Papuan People's Council, which was tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs. However, the implementation of the autonomy measures has been criticized as half-hearted and incomplete. Dursin, Richel; Kafil Yamin (18 November 2004). "Another Fine Mess in Papua". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 5 October 2006. 
  88. ^ "Papua Chronology Confusing Signals from Jakarta". The Jakarta Post. 18 November 2004. Retrieved 5 October 2006. 
  89. ^ a b c d "Indonesia". CIA. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
  90. ^ a b Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 139, 181, 251, 435.  
  91. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (17 October 2006). "Rank Order Area". The World Factbook. US  
  92. ^ 2006"2"Population density – Persons per km. CIA world factbook. Photius Coutsoukis. 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2006. 
  93. ^ a b Calder, Joshua (3 May 2006). "Most Populous Islands". World Island Information. Retrieved 26 September 2006. 
  94. ^ "Republic of Indonesia". Encarta. Microsoft. 2006. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. 
  95. ^ "Volcanoes of Indonesia". Global Volcanism Program.  
  96. ^ "The Human Toll". UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery. United Nations. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2007. 
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  98. ^ "About Jakarta And Depok". University of Indonesia. University of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 24 April 2007. 
  99. ^ Brown, Lester R. (1997). State of the World 1997: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society (14th edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 7.  
  100. ^ "Indonesia's Natural Wealth: The Right of a Nation and Her People". Islam Online. 22 May 2003. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2006. 
  101. ^ "Globalis-Indonesia". Globalis, an interactive world map. Global Virtual University. Retrieved 14 May 2007. 
  102. ^ Whitten, T.; Henderson, G.; Mustafa, M. (1996). The Ecology of Sulawesi. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd.  
  103. ^ "Indonesia". InterKnowledge Corp. Retrieved 6 October 2006. 
  104. ^ "Lambertini, A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics, excerpt". Press.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
  105. ^ Tamindael, Otniel (17 May 2011). "Coral reef destruction spells humanitarian disaster". Antara news. Retrieved 30 May 2011. 
  106. ^ a b Severin, Tim (1997). The Spice Island Voyage: In Search of Wallace. Great Britain: Abacus Travel.  
  107. ^ Wallace, A.R. (2000) [1869]. The Malay Archipelago. Periplus Editions.  
  108. ^ a b Jason R. Miller (30 January 1997). "Deforestation in Indonesia and the Orangutan Population". TED Case Studies. Retrieved 14 August 2007. 
  109. ^ Higgins, Andrew (19 November 2009). "A climate threat, rising from the soil". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 December 2009. 
  110. ^ a b BirdLife International (2010). Leucopsar rothschildi. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  111. ^ Massicot, Paul. "Animal Info – Indonesia". Animal Info – Information on Endangered Mammals. Retrieved 14 August 2007. 
  112. ^ Marcus Colchester, Normal Jiwan, Andiko, Martua Sirait, Asup Y. Firdaus, A. Surambo, Herbert Pane. "Promised Land Palm Oil and Land Acquisition in Indonesia: Implication for Local Communities and Indigenous People". Retrieved 26 March 2012. 
  113. ^ "Economy of Indonesia". State.gov. 3 November 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
  114. ^ "What is the G-20". G-20. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2009. 
  115. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Imf.org. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 17 July 2011. 
  116. ^ "News – SBY: Indonesia Will Be in the Top 10". Embassyofindonesia.org. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011. 
  117. ^ "RI 10th-largest economy: WB". The Jakarta Post. 5 May 2014. 
  118. ^ "World Bank: Indonesia World’s 10th Largest Economy". Jakarta Globe. 4 May 2014. 
  119. ^ "Indonesia Economy Profile 2011". Indexmundi.com. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
  120. ^ "Indonesia — Agriculture". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
  121. ^ "Clearinghouse Countries: Indonesia". Childpolicyintl.org. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
  122. ^
  123. ^ Muhammad Hasanudin (5 September 2013). "Devisa Pariwisata 2013 Ditargetkan 10 Miliar Dollar AS" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas.com. Retrieved 24 December 2013. 
  124. ^ Schwarz, pp. 52–57
  125. ^ Following a slowing of growth in the 1980s, due to over regulation and dependence on declining oil prices, growth slowed to an average of 4.3% per annum between 1981 and 1988. A range of economic reforms were introduced in the late 1980s. Reforms included a managed devaluation of the rupiah to improve export competitiveness, and de-regulation of the financial sector (Schwarz, pp. 52–57).
  126. ^ Schwarz, pp. 52–57.
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  128. ^ "Indonesia: Country Brief". Indonesia:Key Development Data & Statistics. The World Bank. September 2006. 
  129. ^ "Historical Exchange Rates". OANDA. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010. 
  130. ^ "World Bank data". Retrieved 29 April 2014. 
  131. ^ "Policy research". Transparency International. 
  132. ^ "2010 Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
  133. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
  134. ^ "Monetary Policy Report Quarter IV / 2010 – Central Bank of Republic of Indonesia". Bi.go.id. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
  135. ^ "Indonesia's economy continues to surprise". East Asia Forum. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
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  137. ^ "Indonesian Economy Grows at Top Clip Since '90s". 7 February 2012. 
  138. ^ "Fitch Upgrades Indonesia's Rating to Investment Grade". 15 December 2011. 
  139. ^ a b "Census 2010"Central Bureau of Statistics: (in Bahasa Indonesia). Badan Pusat Statistik. Retrieved 17 January 2011. 
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  141. ^ Widjojo Nitisastro (2006). "Population Trends in Indonesia". Equinox Publishing. p. 268.  
  142. ^ World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision (2012). Indonesia. Population (thousands). Median variant. 1950–2100. United Nations
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  144. ^ Merdekawaty, E. (6 July 2006). Bahasa Indonesia" and languages of Indonesia""" (PDF). UNIBZ – Introduction to Linguistics. Free University of Bozen. Retrieved 17 July 2006. 
  145. ^ Dawson, B.; Gillow, J. (1994). The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. p. 7.  
  146. ^ Kingsbury, Damien (2003). Autonomy and Disintegration in Indonesia. Routledge. p. 131.  
  147. ^ Small but significant populations of ethnic Chinese, Indians, Europeans and Arabs are concentrated mostly in urban areas.
  148. ^ Ricklefs, p. 256
  149. ^ Domestic migration (including the official  
  150. ^ "Kalimantan The Conflict". Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. Conflict Prevention Initiative, Harvard University. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2007. 
  151. ^ ; Kyoto University: Sulawesi Kaken Team & Center for Southeast Asian Studies Bugis Sailors PDF (124 KB)
  152. ^ Johnston notes that less than 1% of the country's 210 million inhabitants described themselves as ethnic Chinese. Many sociologists regard this as a serious underestimate: they believe that somewhere between six million and seven million people of Chinese descent are now living in Indonesia. The Republic of China (Taiwan)'s Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission gives a figure of 7,776,000, including 207,000 of Taiwan origin; see Statistical Yearbook, Taipai: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, 2007, pp. 11–13, ISSN 1024-4374. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  153. ^ Schwarz, pp. 53, 80–81
  154. ^ Friend, pp. 85–87, 164–165, 233–237
  155. ^ Murray L Weidenbaum (1 January 1996). The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia. Martin Kessler Books, Free Press. pp. 4–8.  
  156. ^ M. F. Swasono (1997). "Indigenous Cultures in the Development of Indonesia". Integration of endogenous cultural dimension into development. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi. Retrieved 17 September 2006. 
  157. ^ Long, Simon (9 April 1998). "The Overseas Chinese". Prospect Magazine. Retrieved 10 April 2011.  The  
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  162. ^ Sunni and Shia Muslims. pewforum.org. 27 January 2011.
  163. ^ "Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut" [Population by Region and Religion]. Sensus Penduduk 2010. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2011. Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.  Muslim 207176162 (87.18%), Christian 16528513 (6.96), Catholic 6907873 (2.91), Hindu 4012116 (1.69), Buddhist 1703254 (0.72), Khong Hu Chu 117091 (0.05), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118 (0.32), Total 237641326
  164. ^ There are approximately 1 million Shia Muslims and 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in the country which approximates to 0.5% and 0.2% of the total Muslim population. See:
    • Reza, Imam. "Shia Muslims Around the World". Retrieved 2009-06-11. approximately 400,000 persons who subscribe to the Ahmadiyya 
    • "International Religious Freedom Report 2008". US Department of State. Retrieved March 31, 2014. 
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  168. ^ "Indonesia – Islam". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 October 2006. 
  169. ^ Ricklefs, pp. 25, 26, 28
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  171. ^ Ricklefs, pp. 28, 62
  172. ^ Vickers, p. 22
  173. ^ Goh, Robbie B.H. (2005). Christianity in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 80.  
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  182. ^ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 103.  
  183. ^ Witton, Patrick (2002). World Food: Indonesia. Melbourne:  
  184. ^ Compared to the infused flavors of  
  185. ^ a b Kristianto, JB (2 July 2005). "Sepuluh Tahun Terakhir Perfilman Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2010. 
  186. ^ "Kondisi Perfilman di Indonesia (The State of The Film Industry in Indonesia)". Panton (in Bahasa Indonesia). Archived from the original on 21 December 1999. Retrieved 2 August 2010. 
  187. ^ Taylor, pp. 299–301
  188. ^ Vickers, pp. 3–7
  189. ^ Friend, pp. 74, 180
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  191. ^ Shannon L., Smith; Lloyd Grayson J. (2001). Indonesia Today: Challenges of History. Melbourne, Australia: Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.  
  192. ^ "Internet World Stats". Asia Internet Usage, Population Statistics and Information. Miniwatts Marketing Group. 2006. Retrieved 13 August 2007. 
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  194. ^ "Phoning from home". Globeasia.com. 30 August 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 

References

  • Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press.  
  • Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition. MacMillan.  
  • Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press.  
  • Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.  
  • Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press.  

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Language: English
Subject: Archery at the Southeast Asian Games, 2014 Liga Indonesia Premier Division, Liliyana Natsir, 2012 Indonesia Super Series Premier, Indonesia national football team records and statistics
Collection: Countries in Oceania, Developing 8 Countries Member States, G15 Nations, G20 Nations, Indonesia, Island Countries, Liberal Democracies, Malay-Speaking Countries and Territories, Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Member States of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Member States of the United Nations, Muslim-Majority Countries, Republics, Southeast Asian Countries, States and Territories Established in 1949
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Publication
Date:
 

Indonesia

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Malang East Java 820,243
8 Semarang Central Java 1,555,984 18 Denpasar Bali 788,589
9 Palembang South Sumatra 1,455,284 19 Samarinda East Kalimantan 727,500
10 Makassar South Sulawesi 1,338,663 20 Tasikmalaya West Java 635,464
Countries and other territories in Southeast Asia
Sovereign states
Dependent territories
Subdivisions
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